SecretFowl

Henley, William Ernest

2005-03-18T06:46:00.000-08:00

As a child Henley contracted a tubercular disease that later necessitated the amputation of one foot. His other leg was saved only through the skill and radical new methods of the surgeon

Vaasa

2005-03-16T04:54:00.000-08:00

In full Vaasan Lääni, Swedish Vasa Län, lääni (province), western Finland, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The province's land rises from a level but indented coastline through generally forested country, with large cultivated plains, toward an eastern lake region. The timber industry and agriculture are important. The city of Vaasa is the province's administrative capital, main seaport, and largest city. Other important

Racine, Jean

2005-03-14T00:57:00.000-08:00

French classical tragedy pivots around two basic subjects: passion and politics. Since Racine's audience was naturally intrigued by plots that dealt with the succession to a throne, he doubled their pleasure in his first successful play, La Thébaïde, by creating two legitimate pretenders who are also identical twins. The play centres on the twin sons of Oedipus

Waite, Morrison Remick

2005-03-12T07:09:00.000-08:00

Seventh chief justice of the United States (1874–88), who frequently spoke for the Supreme Court in interpreting the post-Civil War constitutional amendments and in redefining governmental jurisdiction over commerce in view of the great expansion of American business. Reacting against the extreme nationalism predominant during

Morea, Despotate Of

2005-03-10T06:12:00.000-08:00

Autonomous Byzantine principality located on the Greek Peloponnese (Morea). It was established in the mid-14th century by the Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus (reigned 1347–54) as an appanage for his son Manuel. Manuel Cantacuzenus consolidated his territory against the claims of Latins (western Europeans) and the inroads of Turks, but after his death (1380) the Palaeologians

Welland Canal

2005-03-08T08:19:00.000-08:00

Waterway in southern Ontario, Can., that provides navigation for large vessels between Lake Erie to the south and Lake Ontario to the north and forms an important link in the St. Lawrence Seaway. The canal was necessary because the Niagara River, the natural connection between Lakes Erie and Ontario, has impassable falls and rapids. The modern Welland Canal extends

Andersson, Johan Gunnar

2005-03-06T06:15:00.000-08:00

Swedish geologist and archaeologist whose work laid the foundation for the study of prehistoric China. In 1921, at a cave near Chou-k'ou-tien in the vicinity of Peking, on the basis of bits of quartz that he found in a limestone region, he predicted that a fossil man would be discovered. Six years later the first evidence of the fossil hominid

Wang Ching-wei

2005-03-04T01:11:00.000-08:00

As a student of Western thought in Japan, Wang joined the newly formed

Oradea

2005-03-03T07:51:00.000-08:00

One of the first feudal states in the area, a principality ruled by Prince Menumorut in the 9th–10th centuries, was centred on a citadel

Qutb-ud-din Aybak

2005-03-01T03:28:00.000-08:00

In childhood Qutb was sold as a slave and raised at Nishapur. He came into the possession of Muhammad of Ghur, who put him in charge of the royal stables. Eventually he was appointed to military command, and in 1193, after conquering Delhi, Muhammad returned to Khorasan and left the consolidation of the

Ibn Al-athir

2005-02-26T03:45:00.000-08:00

Ibn al-Athir spent a scholarly life in Mosul, but often visited Baghdad. He was for a time with Saladin's army in Syria and later lived in Aleppo and Damascus. His chief work was a history of the world, al-Kamil fi at-tarikh (“The Complete History”), starting with

Petaling Jaya

2005-02-25T09:56:00.000-08:00

City, West Malaysia (Malaya), about 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Kuala Lumpur, the national capital. Established (1953) originally as a satellite settlement for squatters of Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya is among the most industrialized and prosperous cities in Malaysia. Local industries include the processing of food, rubber, and wood and the manufacture of paper, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,

Biblical Literature, Events in Edom and Moab

2005-02-23T11:43:00.000-08:00

Chapter 20, verse 14, resumes the narrative of Israel's onward march, starting with their arrival in the wilderness of Zin and stay at Kadesh, marked by Miriam's death and God's exclusion of Moses and Aaron from entering the Promised Land because of their ascribed lack of confidence in God when Moses drew forth water from a rock in response to still more Israelite complaints,

Microscope, The compound microscope

2005-02-21T00:19:00.000-08:00

The compound microscope, using an objective and an eyepiece, was first described in the 16th century, but all drawings of the period indicate very impractical arrangements of lenses. The first useful compound microscope was constructed in the Netherlands sometime between 1590 and 1608. Three spectacle makers—Hans Jansen, his son Zacharias, and Hans Lippershey—have each received

Philip V

2005-02-18T02:29:00.000-08:00

King of Macedonia from 221 to 179, whose attempt to extend Macedonian influence throughout Greece resulted in his defeat by Rome. His career is significant mainly as an episode in Rome's expansion. The son of Demetrius II and his wife Phthia (Chryseis), the young prince was adopted, after his father's death in 229, by his half-cousin Antigonus Doson, who took

Antarctica, Technological advancements in exploration

2005-02-17T07:24:00.000-08:00

The period between World Wars I and II marks the beginning of the mechanical, particularly the aerial, age of Antarctic exploration. Wartime developments in aircraft, aerial cameras, radios, and motor transport were adapted for polar operation. On Nov. 16, 1928, the first heavier-than-air flight in Antarctica was made by the Alaskan bush pilot C.B. Eielson and George Hubert

Chaffinch

2005-02-14T17:48:00.000-08:00

(Fringilla coelebs), songbird of the family Fringillidae (order Passeriformes) that breeds in gardens and farmlands of Europe and northern Africa to central Asia (and, by introduction, South Africa). It is the commonest finch in western Europe. The 15-centimetre (6-inch) male is bluish crowned, with rust-brown back, greenish rump, and pinkish to rust face and

Hohenlohe Family

2005-02-13T11:54:00.000-08:00

German princely family which took its name from the district of Hohenlohe in Franconia. First mentioned in the 12th century as possessing the castle of Hohenloch or Hohenlohe, near Uffenheim, the family soon extended its influence over several of the Franconian valleys, including those of the Kocher, the Jagst, and the Tauber. Henry I (d. 1183) was the first to take the title

Gág, Wanda Hazel

2005-02-10T03:25:00.000-08:00

Gág was the daughter of a Bohemian immigrant artist. While attending high school in Minnesota, she helped support her family by contributing

Hooks, Bell

2005-02-08T19:35:00.000-08:00

Watkins grew up in a segregated community of the American South. At age 19 she began writing what would become her first full-length book, Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, which was

Pierce, John Robinson

2005-02-06T02:06:00.000-08:00

Pierce began working for Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., New York City, in 1936. He improved the traveling-wave tube, which is used as a broadband amplifier of microwaves, and designed a new electrostatically focused electron-multiplier

Viseu

2005-02-05T01:12:00.000-08:00

Town, capital, and concelho (township), Viseu distrito (“district”), northern Portugal, southeast of Porto. The town's notable landmarks include the Romanesque and Gothic cathedral (12th and 16th centuries) and the Grão-Vasco Museum, which is dedicated to the works of a 16th-century school of painting headquartered in Viseu. Nearby are the ancient city of Vaca and the Cava de Viriato,

Priesthood, Hinduism

2005-02-02T07:35:00.000-08:00

In Vedic India, the early period of Hinduism, when the priestly caste (Brahman, or Brahmana) was vested in a particular tribe or special class, it occupied the primary place of importance in the segmentation of Hindu society. The king was subordinate in some respects to the Brahmans, though at one time both sometimes were chosen from the Ksatriya, or warrior caste. Nevertheless,

Tabriz

2005-02-01T22:29:00.000-08:00

The name Tabriz is said to derive from tap-riz (“causing

Mito

2005-01-30T00:37:00.000-08:00

Capital, Ibaraki Prefecture (ken), Honshu, Japan, on the left bank of the Naka-gawa (Naka River). During the Heian era (794–1185) Mito developed around a Yoshida shrine, and its first castle was built during the Kamakura era (1192–1333). The city changed hands several times during the 15th and 16th centuries; in 1609 it became a fief of the Mito branch of the Tokugawa family, one of the three branches of that

Katipunan

2005-01-27T04:13:00.000-08:00

In full Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang Na Katipunan Nang Manga Anak Nang Bayan (“Supreme Worshipful Association of the Sons of the People”), Filipino nationalist organization founded in 1892 to oppose Spanish rule. The organization numbered anywhere from 100,000 to 400,000 members. The Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of this group, which successfully fought the Spanish. Most of the members were Tagalogs.

Craig, Sir James (henry)

2005-01-25T00:58:00.000-08:00

Craig entered the British army at the age of 15 and was made captain in 1771. In his Revolutionary War service he was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775). He

Break

2005-01-23T14:07:00.000-08:00

The other is a team-drawn conveyance of the heavy phaeton type that is used for pleasure

Bazzaz, 'abd Al-rahman Al-

2005-01-21T01:22:00.000-08:00

From 1955 to 1956 Bazzaz was dean of the Baghdad Law School. Following the coup that overthrew the Hashimite monarchy of Faysal II in 1958, he became president of the Court of Cassation. In 1960 he fell afoul of the president, General 'Abd al-Karim Qasim, and was briefly imprisoned before

Wrigley, William, Jr.

2005-01-20T22:57:00.000-08:00

Wrigley went to work as a traveling soap salesman for his father's company at age 13. In 1891 he went to Chicago as a soap distributor and there started offering baking powder as a premium with each box of soap.

Vadstena Bracteate

2005-01-17T20:34:00.000-08:00

Gold coin-like ornament with runic inscriptions and rich designs, discovered in Östergötland, Swed., probably dating from the 5th century. A 24-character futhark (runic alphabet), arranged in three groups of eight symbols, is engraved on it, followed by eight characters, tuwa tuwa, of unknown, perhaps magical, significance. The bracteate is the oldest and best record of the

Russell, Lillian

2005-01-15T22:27:00.000-08:00

Helen Leonard attended convent and private schools in Chicago. About 1877 or 1878 she was taken by her mother to New York City, where her early training in voice

Earth Sciences, Darcy's law

2005-01-13T16:20:00.000-08:00

Quantitative studies of the movement of water in streams and aquifers led to the formulation of mathematical statements relating discharge to other factors. Henri-Philibert-Gaspard Darcy, a French hydraulic engineer, was the first to state clearly a law describing the flow of groundwater. Darcy's experiments, reported in 1856, were based on the ideas that an aquifer

Xenophon

2005-01-11T06:24:00.000-08:00

Greek historian, author of the Anabasis. Its prose was highly regarded by literary critics in antiquity and had strong influence on Latin literature.

Rayon

2005-01-10T07:23:00.000-08:00

Any man-made textile fibre produced from the plant substance cellulose. Developed in an attempt to produce silk chemically, the fibre was originally known by such terms as artificial silk and wood silk, but in 1924 it was given the coined name rayon. An anitrocellulose type of rayon, first produced commercially in France in 1891 in the form of a nitrocellulose fibre, was later

Hay, John (milton)

2005-01-07T19:31:00.000-08:00

Hay studied law in Springfield, Ill., where he met the future president Abraham Lincoln. He served as President Lincoln's private

Van Dyke, Henry

2005-01-06T10:30:00.000-08:00

Educated at Princeton, Van Dyke graduated from its theological seminary in 1877 and became a Presbyterian minister. His early works, “The Story of the Other Wise Man” (1896) and “The First Christmas Tree” (1897), were first read aloud to his congregation in New York

Middle West

2005-01-04T05:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Midwest, or North Central States, region, northern and central United States, lying midway between the Appalachian and Rocky mountains and north of the Ohio River and the 37th parallel. The Middle West, as defined by the federal government, comprises the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Actually composed of

Hui Tsung

2005-01-02T19:26:00.000-08:00

Hui Tsung sought escape from affairs of state in the pleasures of arts and letters. He urged painters in his academy of painting to depict objects that were “true to colour and form,” inviting an extreme literalness of representation;

Mademoiselle

2004-12-31T06:18:00.000-08:00

As an honorific title in the French royal court, it came to be used (without the adjunction of a proper name) to refer to or address the daughter of the king's eldest living brother, who was himself called monsieur. The first to be called mademoiselle was

World War Ii, The encirclement of Rabaul

2004-12-28T05:54:00.000-08:00

Allied moves to isolate the large Japanese garrison on Rabaul proceeded by land and air. The encirclement of Rabaul by land began during October and November 1943 with the capture by New Zealand troops of the Treasury Islands in the Solomons and was accompanied on November 1 by a U.S. landing at Empress Augusta Bay on the west of Bougainville. U.S. reinforcements subsequently

Self

2004-12-26T18:27:00.000-08:00

According to Carl Jung the

Tapestry, Eastern Asia

2004-12-25T10:41:00.000-08:00

Called k'o-ssu (cut silk), tapestry has long been produced in China, traditionally being made entirely of silk; Chinese tapestries are extremely fine in texture and light in weight. The weave is finished perfectly on both sides so that the tapestries are reversible. The warps are vertical in relation to the pattern, rather than horizontal as in European weaving. Sometimes

Hippolytus

2004-12-22T08:48:00.000-08:00

In Euripides' tragedy Hippolytus, he was son of Theseus, king of Athens, and the Amazon Hippolyte. Theseus' queen, Phaedra, fell in love

Music, Western, Solo and ensemble instruments

2004-12-21T03:31:00.000-08:00

The four major vehicles for instrumental music of the period were the lute, the organ, stringed keyboard instruments, and instrumental ensembles. Most popular by far was the lute, which could produce the major elements of instrumental style except for long, sustained tones. Noteworthy composers of lute music included Luis Milán in Spain, Arnold Schlick in Germany,

Spain, Primo de Rivera

2004-12-19T20:04:00.000-08:00

Primo de Rivera was a political improviser who believed his mission was to save Spain from the old politicians and to hand over government (after an interval of personal rule) to “clean” patriots. He failed to complete the process because his rule became increasingly unpopular, especially among the intellectuals and Catalans. The September 1923 coup by which he had gained

France, History Of, Pepin III the Short

2004-12-16T03:10:00.000-08:00

Carloman's entrance into a monastery in 747 reunited Carolingian holdings. Pepin the Short, who had

Great Bahama Canyon

2004-12-12T03:21:00.000-08:00

Submarine canyon in the Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas, one of the greatest yet discovered. It lies northeast of the Great Bahama Bank, between Great Abaco and Eleuthera islands. Two main branches, the Tongue of the Ocean and Northwest Providence, merge to form the canyon itself. The vertical rock walls of the Great Bahama Canyon rise 14,060 feet (4,285 m) from the canyon floor to the

Gironella, José María

2004-12-11T14:24:00.000-08:00

Spanish author best remembered for his long historical novel Los cipreses creen en Dios (1953; The Cypresses Believe in God), in which the conflicts within a family portrayed in the novel symbolize the dissension that overtook the people of Spain during the years preceding the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. The book, which won

Anastatic Printing

2004-12-09T22:51:00.000-08:00

Also called relief etching a technique of printmaking from a plate on which all but the design to be printed is etched away, leaving the design in relief. In zinc etching, the most popular anastatic process, the design is painted on a zinc plate in asphalt varnish and the uncoated portions of the plate are bitten away by a solution. The process is best known as that in which the English poet and artist

Anarchism, Decline of anarchism in East Asia

2004-12-07T07:57:00.000-08:00

By the early 1920s anarchism in most parts of East Asia had entered a decline from which it would not recover. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Bolshevik communists in Japan, China, Vietnam, and Korea established their own revolutionary societies, which were eventually transformed into clandestine political parties, and began to compete with anarchists for influence

Zone Melting

2004-12-05T06:25:00.000-08:00

Any of a group of techniques used to purify an element or a compound or control its composition by melting a short region (i.e., zone) and causing this liquid zone to travel slowly through a relatively long ingot, or charge, of the solid. As the zone travels, it redistributes impurities along the charge. The final distribution of the impurity depends on its distribution

álava

2004-12-03T21:26:00.000-08:00

Provincia, northern Spain. Álava is the southernmost of the three Basque Country provincias of northern Spain and is located mainly on the southern slope of the Pyrenees Range. It is bounded by the Ebro River (southwest) and surrounds the enclaves of Treviño and Orduña belonging to Burgos and Vizcaya provincias, respectively. Álava has an area of 1,176 square miles (3,047 square

Setouchi

2004-12-01T20:46:00.000-08:00

Industrial region, southern Japan. Setouchi includes the southern portion of Chugoku chiho (region) on the island of Honshu, the northern part of Shikoku, and many nearby industrial areas on islands of the Inland Sea. Setouchi is neither an administrative nor a political entity; it includes portions of the ken (prefectures) of Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi on Honshu,

Alembert, Jean Le Rond D'

2004-11-29T03:37:00.000-08:00

His earlier literary and philosophical activity, however, led to the publication of his Mélanges de littérature, d'histoire et de philosophie (1753). This work contained the impressive Essai sur les gens de lettres, which exhorted writers to pursue “liberty, truth and poverty” and also urged aristocratic patrons to respect the talents and independence of such

Dunqulah

2004-11-27T10:41:00.000-08:00

The historic town of Old Dunqulah (Dunqulah al-'Ajuz) was situated on the

Brecht, Arnold

2004-11-25T19:12:00.000-08:00

After studying at several universities, Brecht received a law degree from the University of Leipzig in 1906 and, after in-service training, was appointed a judge in Lübeck in 1910. In the same year

Stakman, Elvin Charles

2004-11-22T19:54:00.000-08:00

Stakman received his B.A. (1906), M.A. (1910), and Ph.D. (1913) from the University of Minnesota. In 1909 he became instructor in the newly established department of plant pathology, and in 1940 he became

Catabolism

2004-11-21T14:59:00.000-08:00

Energy is released in three phases. In the first, such large molecules as those of proteins,

Radical

2004-11-21T14:43:00.000-08:00

In politics, one who desires extreme change of part or all of the social order. The word was first used in a political sense in England, and its introduction is generally ascribed to Charles James Fox, who in 1797 declared for a “radical reform” consisting of a drastic expansion of the franchise to the point of universal manhood suffrage. The term radical thereafter began

Encyclical

2004-11-20T08:09:00.000-08:00

Pastoral letter written by the pope for the whole Roman Catholic church on matters of doctrine, morals, or discipline. Although formal papal letters for the entire church were issued from the earliest days of the church, the first commonly called an encyclical was Ubi primum, dealing with episcopal duties, published by Benedict XIV in 1740. Only from the time of Pius IX

O'neill, Eugene

2004-11-18T17:10:00.000-08:00

In full Eugene Gladstone O'Neill foremost American dramatist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936. His masterpiece, Long Day's Journey into Night (produced posthumously 1956), is at the apex of a long string of great plays, including Beyond the Horizon (1920), Anna Christie (1922), Strange Interlude (1928), Ah! Wilderness (1933), and The Iceman Cometh (1946).

Three Kings, Battle Of The

2004-11-17T14:01:00.000-08:00

Sebastian, a religious zealot, wished to subject Muslim Morocco to Christian rule. Allied with the deposed Moroccan sultan, al-Mutawakkil, he landed at Tangier weighed down by much artillery and an army of 20,000 men. At the Wadi al-Makhazin near Ksar el-Kebir (Alcazarquivir),

Amis, Sir Kingsley

2004-11-16T07:41:00.000-08:00

Amis was educated at the City of London School and at St. John's College, Oxford (B.A., 1949). His education was interrupted during World War II by his service as a lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Signals.

Puig, Manuel

2004-11-15T21:15:00.000-08:00

Puig spent his childhood in a small village on the pampas, but moved at age 13 to Buenos Aires, where he pursued his high school and university studies.

Aligarh

2004-11-15T15:48:00.000-08:00

Also called Koil or Kol city, west-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies southeast of Delhi. The city itself is usually called Koil, or Kol; Aligarh is the name of a nearby fort. The city is an agricultural trade centre; the processing of agricultural products and manufacturing are also important. Aligarh Muslim University (1875) and its affiliated colleges are located there, as are a

Abu Ali Mustafa

2004-11-13T09:26:00.000-08:00

Palestinian nationalist (b. 1938, Arabeh, Palestine—d. Aug. 27, 2001, Ram Allah, West Bank), was a cofounder and, from July 2000, secretary-general of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). He was born Mustafa az-Zibri and later took the nom de guerre Abu Ali Mustafa. As a young man he joined George Habash's Arab National

Geosyncline

2004-11-12T15:05:00.000-08:00

Linear trough of subsidence of the Earth's crust within which vast amounts of sediment accumulate. The filling of a geosyncline with thousands or tens of thousands of feet of sediment is accompanied in the late stages of deposition by folding, crumpling, and faulting of the deposits. Intrusion of crystalline igneous rock and regional uplift along the axis of the

Lever Art Gallery

2004-11-12T03:25:00.000-08:00

In full Lady Lever Art Gallery, in Port Sunlight, a model village founded for workers in Bebington, Cheshire (now in Merseyside), Eng. The museum was a gift to the public of the 1st Viscount Leverhulme, as a memorial to his wife, who died in 1913. The building was begun in 1914 and opened in December 1922. The collection of works exhibited at the gallery was formed by Lord Leverhulme and records his personal taste, which

Tasmania, Relief

2004-11-11T02:53:00.000-08:00

Tasmania is essentially a mountainous island. In the west, where the highest peak on the island, Mount Ossa, reaches 5,305 feet (1,617 metres), the landscape comprises several parallel northwest-southeast ridges and valleys; eastward lies a series of plateaus at various altitudes; the highest point is Ben Lomond in the northeast, which rises to 5,160 feet at Legges Tor. But the dominant

Abel, Niels Henrik

2004-11-09T18:43:00.000-08:00

Abel's father was a poor Lutheran minister who moved his family to the parish of Gjerstad, near the town of Risør in southeast Norway, soon after Niels Henrik was born. In 1815 Niels entered the cathedral school

Parallel Bars

2004-11-08T09:54:00.000-08:00

In gymnastics

Literature

2004-11-07T14:48:00.000-08:00

In 1997 the world of publishing was as fickle as ever. The sudden death of Diana, princess of Wales (see OBITUARIES), occasioned an outpouring of books that were devoured by the public, even as critics decried the impulse behind them. Although major publishing houses owned by multinational corporations continued their hegemony, an increasing number of highly regarded

Sports, Book Of

2004-11-06T02:49:00.000-08:00

Formally Declaration of Sports order issued by King James I of England for use in Lancashire to resolve a conflict, on the subject of Sunday amusements, between the Puritans and the gentry, many of whom were Roman Catholics. Permission was given for dancing, archery, leaping and vaulting, and for “having of May games, Whitsun ales and morris dances, and the setting up of May-poles and other sports therewith

Ritchie, Michael

2004-11-05T00:37:00.000-08:00

American film director (b. Nov. 28, 1938, Waukesha, Wis.—d. April 16, 2001, New York, N.Y.), directed a number of notable films, including The Candidate (1972), Prime Cut (1972), and Smile (1975). Ritchie achieved prominence with his first feature film, Downhill Racer (1969), which starred Robert Redford. Redford later played the title role in The Candidate. Among Ritchie's other films were The Bad News Bears (1976), Fletch (1985), and The

Race, Transforming race into species

2004-11-04T19:40:00.000-08:00

One of those whose direct experience of African slaves and assessment of them was given great weight was Edward Long (1734–1813), a former plantation owner and jurist in Jamaica. In a book entitled The History of Jamaica (1774), Long asserted that “the Negro” was “void of genius” and “incapable” of civilization; indeed, he was so far inferior as to constitute a separate species of mankind. Long's

China, The Tsinling Mountains

2004-11-04T06:53:00.000-08:00

The Tsinling Mountains in Shensi Province are the greatest chain of mountains east of the Plateau of Tibet. The mountain chain consists of a high and rugged barrier extending from Kansu to Honan; geographers use a line between the chain and the Huai River to divide China proper into two parts—North and South. The altitude of the mountains varies from 3,000 to 10,000 feet. The western

Natural History Museum

2004-11-02T14:49:00.000-08:00

The museum was formerly an integral part of the British

China, The Sino-Japanese War

2004-11-01T07:53:00.000-08:00

On July 7, 1937, a minor clash between Japanese and Chinese troops near Pei-p'ing (Peking's name under the National Government) finally led the two nations into war. The Japanese government tried for several weeks to settle the incident locally, but China's mood was highly nationalistic and public opinion clamoured for resistance to further aggression. In late July, new fighting

Atlantic Charter

2004-11-01T01:49:00.000-08:00

A propaganda manifesto of common aims, the charter stated that (1) neither nation sought any aggrandizement; (2) they desired

Arya Samaj

2004-10-30T10:46:00.000-07:00

The Arya

Kyoga Lake

2004-10-29T08:37:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Kioga Lake, lake in central Uganda, East Africa, north of Lake Victoria, formed by the Victoria Nile in its middle course. The many-armed lake is shallow, with swampy, papyrus-reeded shores; masses of papyrus are broken loose by strong winds and sometimes have completely blocked the river. Navigation for shallow-draft vessels is possible between Namasagali and Masindi Port. The

Aiken

2004-10-28T23:16:00.000-07:00

City, seat of Aiken county, western South Carolina, U.S. Aiken lies 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Augusta, Georgia. It was chartered in 1835 and named for the railroad entrepreneur William Aiken. The city was originally a health resort. During the American Civil War the Confederate forces of General Joseph Wheeler defeated General Hugh J. Kilpatrick's Union troops in the town's main

Andrew, John Albion

2004-10-28T00:25:00.000-07:00

Andrew entered political life as a Whig opposed to the Mexican War (1846–48). In 1848 he joined the Free-Soil movement against the spread of slavery. After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854), which permitted those

Said, Edward

2004-10-27T06:52:00.000-07:00

Said's father, Wadie (William) Ibrahim,

Epistemology, Immanuel Kant

2004-10-25T03:58:00.000-07:00

Idealism is often defined as the view that everything which exists is mental; that is, everything is either a mind or depends for its existence upon a mind, as do ideas and thinking. Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was not strictly an idealist according to this definition, although he called himself a “transcendental idealist.” On his view, humans can know only what is presented to their

Alternative Rock

2004-10-24T08:27:00.000-07:00

Pop music style, built on distorted guitars and rooted in generational discontent, that dominated and changed rock between 1991 and 1996. It burst into the mainstream when “Smells Like Teen Spirit”—the first major-label single from Nirvana, a trio based in Seattle, Washington, U.S.—became a national hit. Suddenly, older, difficult, and even anarchic movements, as well as a previous

Nacka

2004-10-24T04:32:00.000-07:00

Town in the län (county) of Stockholm, southeastern Sweden, on the Södertörn peninsula of the landskap (province) of Södermanland. A southeastern suburb of Stockholm, it developed into a residential and industrial area with the coming of the railroad in 1893, and in 1949 was incorporated as a town. Leading industries include chemical technology, flour milling, and the manufacture

Arnulf Of Metz, Saint

2004-10-23T02:43:00.000-07:00

A Frankish noble, Arnulf gave distinguished service at the Austrasian court under Theudebert II (595–612). In 613, however, with Pippin, he led the aristocratic opposition to Brunhild that led to her downfall and to the reunification of Frankish

Pendleton

2004-10-22T17:37:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1868) of Umatilla county, northeastern Oregon, U.S., on the Umatilla River, adjacent to the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Situated on the Oregon Trail, it was founded in 1869 by G.W. Bailey and named for George Hunt Pendleton, a prominent Ohio senator. It became a wheat and cattle centre after the arrival of the railroad in 1889 and remains a centre of grain and vegetable production

Nizam Shahi Dynasty

2004-10-21T18:24:00.000-07:00

The Nizam Shahi dynasty was engaged in constant

Narita

2004-10-20T08:40:00.000-07:00

City, Chiba ken, central Honshu, Japan. It is located approximately 30 miles (50 km) east of Tokyo, on the Ryoso Plateau. Originally an agricultural region producing rice, peanuts (groundnuts), sweet potatoes, and other vegetables, Narita developed as a temple town of the Shinsho Temple, which is visited by millions of Buddhist pilgrims each year, thus generating an extensive

Hokusai

2004-10-18T19:20:00.000-07:00

In full Katsushika Hokusai , professional names Shunro, Sori, Kako, Taito, Gakyojin, Iitsu , and Manji Japanese master artist and printmaker of the ukiyo-e (“pictures of the floating world”) school. His early works represent the full spectrum of ukiyo-e art, including single-sheet prints of landscapes and actors, hand paintings, and surimono (“printed things”), such as greetings and announcements. Later he concentrated on the classical

Pacific Ocean, Principal ridges and basins

2004-10-18T14:03:00.000-07:00

To the east of 150° W the relief of the ocean floor is considerably less pronounced than it is to the west. In the eastern Pacific the Cocos Ridge extends southwestward from the Central American isthmus to the Galápagos Islands. To the south of the Galápagos lies the Peru Basin, which is separated by the extensive Sala y Gomez Ridge from the Southeast Pacific Basin, which,

Boise

2004-10-17T10:38:00.000-07:00

Boise was named by early 19th-century French-Canadian trappers for the tree-lined river (French boisé, “wooded

Gate Theatre

2004-10-15T14:37:00.000-07:00

Dublin dramatic company, founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir, whose repertoire included works from many periods and countries, unlike that of the established Abbey Theatre. From 1928 to 1930 the Gate Theatre made its home at the Peacock, then moved to its own building. The Abbey and the Irish National Theatre Society had provided a stage for national playwrights

Iraq, Recurrence of military coups, 196368

2004-10-15T05:49:00.000-07:00

The military faction that brought about the collapse of the Qasim regime preferred to remain behind the scenes rather than assume direct responsibility. The Ba'th Party, a group of young activists who advocated Arab nationalism and socialism, was entrusted with power. Ba'th leaders invited 'Abd al-Salam 'Arif to assume the presidency. A National Council for Revolutionary

Biblical Literature, The Wycliffite versions

2004-10-13T04:51:00.000-07:00

By the middle of the 13th century the English component in the Anglo-Norman amalgam had begun to assert itself and the close of the century witnessed a Northumbrian version of the Psalter made directly from Latin, which, because it survived in several manuscripts, must have achieved relatively wide circulation. By the next century, English had gradually superseded

Kean, Edmund

2004-10-12T22:59:00.000-07:00

Though no official record of his birth exists, it has been well established that he was the bastard son of Ann Carey, who described herself as an itinerant

Grafton

2004-10-11T18:38:00.000-07:00

County, western New Hampshire, U.S. It is bounded to the west by Vermont (the Connecticut River constituting the entire border) and consists of a mountainous region, with the White Mountains and a large portion of White Mountain National Forest occupying the northeastern part of the county. It is drained by the Ammonoosuc, Baker, Mascoma, and Pemigewasset rivers. Other